HB 

A3.57 


GIFT   OF 


AN  INVESTIGATION  INTO 
THE  MORTALITY  RATES  OF 
THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK 


BY 


JOHN    F.   ROCHE 


OF    ' 


N  ;  ,  .  .  >  c*       ,-,  >-/j 
'•,'.'-•,     :  y  . 


Reprinted   from    Transactions  of  the   Actuarial   Society  of  America, 

No.    z 


•soipr  OF 


426 

AN  INVESTIGATION  INTO  THE  MORTALITY  RATES  OF  THE 
CITY  OF  NEW  YORK. 


JOHN  F.    ROCHE. 


Each  decennial  census  of  Great  Britain,  from  that  of  1841  to 
that  of  1891,  has,  with  few  exceptions,  been  followed  by  a 
thorough  investigation  into  the  mortality  rates  of  the  people  at 
the  time  of  the  enumeration.  Dr.  Farr  made  the  first  three  of 
these  investigations,  which  are  summed  up  in  what  are  known  to 
us  as  Farr's  English  Tables  Nos.  i,  2,  and  3,  and  which  set  forth 
the  mortality  rates  of  the  English  people  for  the  years  1841-1851. 
The  English  Table  No.  4  was  the  result  of  the  labors  of  Dr.  Ogle, 
Farr's  successor,  and  was  based  upon  the  census  returns  of  1871 
and  1 88 1,  and  the  deaths  for  the  ten  years,  1871-1880.  Dr. 
Tatham  constructed  the  English  Table  No.  5  from  the  enumera- 
tions of  1881  and  1891,  and  the  deaths  for  the  years  1881-1890. 

These  tables  show  a  constant  decrease  in  the  death,  rates  and 
a  corresponding  increase  in  the  Expectation  of  Life  at  birth, 
which  rises  from  39.91  years  and  41.85  years,  males  and  females 
respectively,  as  given  in  Farr's  Table  No.  3,  to  43.66  years  and 
47.18,  respectively,  as  found  by  Dr.  Tatham.  This  is  a  gain  of 
3^  years  for  males  and  5^  years  for  females.  The  last  English 
Table  shows  an  improvement  over  its  predecessors  in  the 
Expectation  of  Life  at  every  age  from  birth  to  26;  but  at  the 
older  ages  it  develops  a  decrease  in  the  span  of  life,  due,  it 
seems  to  me,  not  to  any  deterioration  of  the  people,  but  to  the 
continual  outflow  of  young,  strong  lives  from  the  mother  country 
to  the  various  colonies  and  to  the  States. 

It  is  only  by  such  studies  as  these  that  the  Executives  in 
charge  of  the  health  of  a  community  are  enabled  to  keep  their 
fingers  upon  the  public  pulse,  and  note  the  effects  of  every  advance 
in  medicine  and  surgery,  and  the  effects  of  every  improvement 
in  sanitation. 

Including  that  of  1900,  there  have  been  made  twelve 
enumerations  of  the  people  of  the  United  States.  Much  data 
and  valuable xinformation  have  been  gathered  regarding  the 
population  and  deaths,  but  we  have  thus  far  contented  ourselves 
with  mere  guesses  as  to  the  possibje  trend  of  the  death  rates. 


427 

The  vital  statistics  of  no  period  have  been  crystalized  into  a 
mortality  table.  It  is  unfortunate  that  such  is  the  case,  but  it  is 
to  be  hoped  that  the  Census  Bureau,  which  has  been  lately  made 
a  permanent  institution,  will  in  the  near  future  set  before  us  a 
table  describing  the  mortality  rates  of  our  people  at  the  beginning 
of  this,  the  twentieth,  century.  I  should  indeed  be  pleased  to 
have  the  honor  of  constructing  the  American  Table  No.  i,  but 
such  a  task  is  far  too  great  for  the  time  at  my  disposal.  I  have, 
determined,  however,  to  lay  before  the  Society  an  investigation 
into  the  mortality  rates  of  some  community  large  enough  to  give 
an  average,  and  for  this  purpose  have  chosen  that  of  the  City  of 
New  York,  whose  vital  statistics  are  near  at  hand. 

My  request  for  the  population  figures  of  New  York,  as  found 
by  the  enumeration  of  1900,  was  met  with  consideration  by  Mr. 
Merriam,  the  Commissioner  of  the  Census  Bureau;  and  we  are 
under  obligations  to  Mr.  King,  the  Chief  Statistician  for  Population 
of  the  same  Bureau,  for  the  figures  given  in  Table  A.  In  his 
remarks  upon  population,  Mr.  King  says  that  the  people  of  our 
country  are  as  prone  as  those  of  any  other  to  give  their  ages  in 
round  numbers,  and  that,  notwithstanding  the  care  taken,  slight 
congestions  in  the  figures  appear  at  the  quinquennial  ages.  The 
disturbances  consequent  upon  these  congestions  could  to  a  great 
extent  be  avoided  if  our  statisticians  would  make  the  quinquennial 
the  central  age  rather  than  one  of  the  terminal  ages  of  the 
quinquennial  group. 

A  glance  at  Table  A  shows  that  more  boys  than  girls  are  born 
in  New  York,  but  that  the  boys  seem  less  able  than  the  girls  to 
resist  the  ills  of  infancy.  At  about  the  age  of  7,  the  girls 
outnumber  the  boys,  and  are  in  numerical  excess  at  every  age  up 
to  that  of  about  28.  From  age  29  to  56,  the  males  are  more 
numerous  than  the  females;  but  from  this  latter  point  until  the 
end  of  the  table  the  women  again  outnumber  the  men.  All  in 
all,  there  were  nearly  26,000  more  women  than  men  in  New  York 
in  1900. 

At  the  time  of  the  enumeration,  there  were  in  this  city  3,693 
men  who  did  not  know  their  ages,  while,  contrary  to  all  accepted 
tradition,  there  were  less  than  half  as  many  women,  or  only  1,743, 
who  had  forgotten  theirs.  Before  using  the  figures  of  Table  A, 
these  "  unknown  "  were  distributed  among  their  respective  kinds, 
pro  rata,  beginning  with  the  age  group  15-19. 


428 


TABLE   A. 
POPULATION   OF  THE   CITY   OF   NEW  YORK. 


AGE  GROUPS 

MALES 

FEMALES 

0  —  I 

43,765 

42,832 

1—4 

155,918 

154,772 

5—9 

177,591 

177,156 

10  —  14 

149,906 

151,358 

15—19 

140,670 

l62,o8l 

20  24 

161,988 

192,853 

25—29 

178,390 

185,003 

30—34 

164,788 

153,172 

35—39 

H6,737 

133,055 

40—44 

H4,358 

99,895 

45—49 

80,264 

77»I57 

50—54 

66,231 

64,680 

55—59 

44,878 

45,450 

60  —  64 

33,8i4 

37,HI 

65—69 

19,934 

23,577 

70—74 

12,981 

15,737 

75—79 

6,236 

8,272 

80  —  84 

2,570 

3,76l 

85—89 

786 

1,303 

90—94 

167 

379 

95—99 

34 

104 

i  oo  and  over 

6 

16 

Unknown 

3,693 

i,743 

TOTAI, 

1,705,705 

1,731,497 

TABLE   B. 
DEATHS  IN   THE   CITY   OF   NEW   YORK. 


MALKS 

FKMALKS 

AOB  GROUPS 

1899 

1900 

1901 

1899 

1900 

1901 

0 

8,505 

9,210 

8,464 

6,876 

7.430 

7,003 

I 

2,382 

2,588 

2,460 

2,112 

2,298 

2,229 

2 

1,014 

1,114 

983 

927 

1,033 

9l6 

3 

592 

689 

655 

628 

615 

593 

4 

383 

405 

478 

382 

454 

475 

0—4 

12,876 

14,006 

13,040 

10,925 

11,830 

n,  216 

5—9 

924 

1,046 

1,141 

891 

1,027 

989 

10  —  14 

381 

431 

467 

407 

432 

437 

15—19 

641 

677 

712 

646 

712 

690 

20  24 

1,211 

1,360 

i,347 

I,3H 

i,343 

1,249 

25—34 

3,814 

4,095 

4,269 

3,045 

3,297 

3,204 

35—44 

4,120 

4,527 

4,797 

2,857 

3,080 

3,163 

45—54 

3,619 

3,951 

4,042 

2,599 

2,937 

2,903 

55—64 

3,213 

3,398 

3,740 

2,950 

3,166 

3,378 

65—74    « 

2,617 

2,78l 

2,773 

2,7H 

2,838 

3,096 

75—84 

1,300 

1,403 

1,426 

1,500 

1,710 

1,830 

85  and  over 

271 

303 

290 

508 

522 

521 

Total 

34,987 

37>978 

38,044 

30,356 

32,894 

32,676 

430 

The  deaths  for  the  years  1899,  1900,  and  1901,  as  exhibited 
in  Table  B,  were  taken  directly  from  the  annual  reports  of  the 
City  Health  Department.  It  is  probably  owing  to  the  paucity  of 
numbers  that  the  age  groups  in  these  reports  are  made  to 
terminate  with  the  group  75-84.  There  would  have  been  added 
interest  to  our  investigation  if  these  groups  had  been  carried 
forward  to  even  that  of  85-94.  We  should  then  be  able  to  discover 
with  greater  exactness  the  death  rates  peculiar  to  the  people  of 
the  community  at  the  extreme  old  ages.  As  it  is,  we  must,  from 
age  85  to  the  end  of  the  table,  make  use  of  an  approximation. 

The  census  enumeration  of  New  York  was  presumably  made 
on  June  i,  1900;  and  to  obtain  the  deaths  for  a  year,  in  which 
June  i  would  be  the  center,  a  uniform  distribution  throughout 
the  calendar  year  was  assumed.  The  death  rate  for  1899  being 
somewhat  low,  and  that  for  1900  being  correspondingly  high,  it 
was  judged  that  a  fair  average  could  be  obtained  by  grouping 
together  the  deaths  of  two  years.  There  were  taken,  therefore, 
one-half  of  the  deaths  of  the  year  immediately  preceding,  and  of 
the  year  immediately  succeeding,  June  i,  1900.  The  average 
death  rate  thus  derived  was  21.76  per  thousand  for  males,  18.54 
per  thousand  for  females,  and  20. 14  per  thousand  for  the  entire 
population. 

The  death  rates  per  thousand  of  the  entire  population  for  the 
years  1898,  1899,  1900,  and  1901,  are  as  follows: 

1898 20.26 

1899 19.47 

1900 2°-57 

1901 20.00 

Having  the  population  and  deaths  in  the  form  described,  the 
manner  of  constructing  the  mortality  table  was  next  considered. 
The  method  used  by  Milne  in  the  formation  of  the  Carlisle  Table 
seemed  to  be  the  easiest  of  application,  and  the  one  best  adapted 
to  retaining  the  distinctive  features  of  the  data.  It  was  therefore 
selected.  The  fact  that  Mr.  King,  of  the  Census  Bureau,  gave 
the  number  living  for  the  age  o-i,  was  of  the  greatest  help  in 
drawing  the  population  curves  at  the  infantile  ages.  The  values 
of  the  ordinates  of  the  population  and  death  curves  are  set 
forth  in  Table  C. 


43i 

TABLE   C. 
POPULATIONS  AND  DEATHS  DISTRIBUTED  FOR  EACH 


AGE. 


AGE 

MALES 

FEMAIES 

Population 

Deaths 

Population 

Deaths 

0 

43  765 

8,849 

42,830 

7,180 

I 

40,495 

2,501 

40,650 

2,230 

2 

39,330 

1,058 

39,000 

978 

3 

38,495 

654 

38,020 

614 

4 

37,600 

413 

37,100 

438 

5 

37,000 

325 

36,600 

315 

6 

36,400 

250 

36,210 

235 

7 

35.7io 

195 

35,800 

185 

8 

34,76o 

150 

34,850 

140 

9 

33,720 

no 

33,700 

105 

10 

32,010 

85 

32,400 

85 

ii 

30,700 

70 

30,800 

70 

12 

29,  700 

79 

29,400 

76 

13 

29,050 

90 

29,260 

90 

14 

28,450 

100 

29,500 

105 

15 

28,000 

no 

30,210 

115 

16 

27,810 

120 

31,010 

125 

17 

27,900 

130 

32,300 

135 

18 

28,400 

145 

33,7oo 

145 

19 

29,000 

I69 

35,ioo 

1  68 

20 

29,900 

199 

36,600 

207 

21 

31,050 

234 

38,200 

245 

22 

32,450 

265 

39,280 

275 

23 

34,000 

295 

39,700 

288 

24 

35,ioo 

320 

39,350 

300 

25 

36,040 

350 

38,680 

307 

26 

36,120 

370 

38,020 

315 

27 

36,200 

385 

37»4oo 

320 

28 

35,650 

395 

36,300 

327 

29 

34.940 

405 

34,870 

335 

30 

34,310 

415 

33,320 

330 

31 

33,650 

420 

31,620 

3*5 

32 

33<04o 

430 

So,  300 

320 

33 

32,450 

435 

219,460 

315 

34 

31,860 

445 

28,690 

510 

432 
TABLE    C— Continued. 


AGE 

MALES 

FEMALE'S 

Population 

Deaths 

Population 

Deaths 

35 

31,260 

454 

27,890 

307 

36 

30,550 

459 

26,990 

306 

37 

29,800 

464 

26,050 

305 

38 

28,520 

469 

25»I50 

305 

39 

27,070 

464 

24,200 

304 

40 

25,7CO 

449 

23,240 

304 

4i 

24,400 

440 

21,940 

303 

42 

23,120 

430 

20,580 

302 

43 

21,600 

420 

19,200 

3CO 

44 

19,900 

415 

18,050 

296 

45 

18,690 

407 

17,350 

292 

46 

I7»540 

403 

l6,7OO 

283 

47 

16,590 

400 

16,000 

275 

48 

15,690 

396 

15,340 

270 

49 

14,830 

391 

14,580 

270 

50 

14,140 

386 

13,900 

275 

5i 

I3»440 

380 

I3,l60 

282 

52 

12,730 

375 

12,410 

287 

53 

12,010 

370 

1  1,  600 

295 

54 

H,3CO 

365 

1  1  ,000 

302 

55 

10,780 

360 

10,480 

310 

56 

IO,o6o 

356 

10,020 

316 

57 

9,400 

352 

9.550 

325 

58 

8,740 

.  350 

9,080 

327 

59 

8,060 

346 

8,580 

325 

60 

7.520 

340 

8,100 

320 

61 

6,960 

336 

7,600 

315 

62 

6,390 

330 

7,040 

3IO 

63 

5,790 

325 

6,460 

301 

64 

5,240 

320 

5,800 

298 

65 

4,820 

315 

5,46o 

295 

66 

4,480 

305 

5,!50 

293 

67 

4,090 

300 

4,820 

291 

68 

3,750 

295 

4,480 

290 

69 

3,390 

285 

4,130 

287 

70 

3,080 

275 

3,780 

285 

71 

2,790 

265 

3,420 

283 

72 

2,500 

249 

3,060 

280 

73 

2,200 

22Q 

2,710 

277 

74 

1,920 

214 

2,360 

275 

433 
TABLE    C— Continued. 


MALES 

FEMALES 

AGE 

Population 

Deaths 

Population 

Deaths 

75 

1,  680 

200 

2,120 

255 

76 

1,480 

I85 

1,  860 

230 

77 

I,26O 

170 

1,630 

2IO 

78 

I,O5O 

1  6O 

1,420 

190 

79 

870 

145 

1,240 

170 

80 

720 

130 

1,050 

152 

81 

580 

"5 

880 

136 

82 

480 

IO2 

730 

120 

83 

400 

90 

610 

110 

84 

310 

80 

5io 

100 

85 

250 

85  and  over 

410 

85  and  over 

86 

2OO 

291 

320 

5i8 

87 

150 

250 

88 

110 

190 

89 

80 

140 

90 

60 

100 

9i 

45 

90 

92 

30 

70 

93 

20 

60 

94 

15 

55 

95 

II 

45 

96 

8 

30 

97 

6 

15 

98 

5 

9 

99 

4 

5 

100 

3 

4 

101 

2 

3 

102 

I 

3 

103 

3 

104 

2 

105 

I 

TOTAL 

I>7°5»725 

37,n8 

1,731,495 

32,110 

434 

The  central  death  rate,  mx^  for  both  males  and  females, 
having  been  derived  from  the  data  in  Table  C,  by  dividing  the 
deaths  at  each  age  by  the  population  at  the  corresponding  age, 
this  function  was  plotted  out  on  cross-ruled  paper,  and  found  to 
run  fairly  well;  so  well,  indeed,  that  further  adjustment  was 
deemed  unnecessary  for  the  purpose  in  hand.  Then  by  means  of 

the  formula/^  =  -    —?-  the  probability  of  living  a  year,/.,,  was 
z-\-mx 

worked  out  for  each  age  as  far  as  age  84.  It  was  noticed, 
in  comparing  the  results  thus  obtained  with  Farr's  No.  3  Table, 
that  the  male/^  in  our  table  gradually  decreased  from  100  per 
cent,  of  the  English  male/^  at  age  24,  to  about  96  per  cent,  at 
age  81,  where  the  decrease  seemed  to  halt  and  the  percentage 
evinced  a  tendency  to  remain  constant.  Consequently,  the/^  for 
males  in  the  New  York  Table  was  carried  forward  from  85  to 
the  limiting  age,  103,  by  taking  96  per  cent,  of  the  male  px  in 
the  English  Table,  a  rough,  but  an  effective,  approximation. 

A  closer  relation  was  observed  to  exist  between  the  px  for 
females  in  the  New  York  and  English  Tables.  From  age  39  to 
84  the  px  for  New  York  females  was  pretty  constantly  99  per 
cent,  of  the  px  for  the  English  females,  and  the  local  table  was, 
therefore,  completed  by  taking  99  per  cent,  of  the  female  px  in 
Farr's  No.  3  from  age  85  to  the  end.  In  our  table  the  limiting 
age  for  females  is  105.  Having  px  for  each  age,  the  mortality 
tables  D  and  E  were  constructed  from  the  arbitrary  radix,  100,000 
births,  each. 

Putting  these  two  mortality  tables,  D  and  E,  side  by  side,  it 
is  seen  that  out  of  every  one  hundred  girls  born  in  New  York, 
eighty-four  attain  their  first  birthday,  whereas  only  eighty-one 
boys  out  of  every  hundred  born  therein  have  the  like  good 
fortune.  With  the  exception  of  ages  4  and  14,  where  evident 
irregularities,  due  to  lack  of  perfect  adjustment,  appear,  the 
chances  of  attaining  the  next  birthday  are  ever  in  favor  of  the 
girls.  At  age  44  there  are  but  half  of  the  100,000  male  births 
surviving,  while  it  takes  death  50  years  to  effect  a  similar  reduction 
among  the  females.  The  average  girl  of  our  city  can,  upon 
opening  her  eyes  for  the  first  time,  look  forward  to  a  span  of  life 
four  years  in  excess  of  that  allotted  to  her  brother,  the  Expectation 
of  Life  at  birth  being  42.96  years  for  the  former,  and  only  38.95 
years  for  the  latter. 


435 

TABLE    D. 

MORTALITY  TABLE. 

(MALES.) 


Age 

X 

& 

dx 

t* 

Expectation 
of  Life. 

0 

100,000 

18,363 

.81637 

Years. 
33.95 

I 

81,637 

4,891 

.  94009 

46-59 

2 

76,746 

2,037 

•97346 

48.53 

3 

74,709 

1,259 

•98315 

48.84 

4 

73,450 

802 

.98908 

48.67 

5 

72,648 

635 

.99126 

48  20 

6 

72,013 

493 

•99315 

47  62 

7 

71,520 

390 

•99455 

46.95 

8 

71,130 

307 

.99569 

46.20 

9 

70,823 

230 

•99675 

45-40 

10 

70,593 

188 

•99734 

44-55 

ii 

70,405 

161 

.99772 

43.66 

12 

70,244 

188 

•99732 

42.76 

13 

70,056 

217 

.99690 

41.88 

14 

69,839 

244 

.99650 

41.01 

15 

69,595 

273 

.99608 

40.15 

16 

69,322 

298 

•99570 

39-30 

17 

69,024 

321 

•99535 

38.47 

18 

68,703 

350 

•  99490 

37-65 

19 

68,353 

397 

.99419 

36-84 

20 

67,956 

451 

•99336 

36-05 

21 

67»505 

507 

.99249 

35-29 

22 

66,998 

545 

.99186 

34-55 

23 

66,453 

574 

.99136 

33-83 

24 

65,879 

598 

.99092 

33-12 

25 

65,281 

631 

.99034 

32.42 

26 

64,650 

659 

.98981 

31-73 

27 

63,991 

677 

.98942 

31-05 

28 

63,314 

698 

.  98898 

30.38 

29 

62,616 

721 

.98848 

29.71 

30 

61,895 

745 

.98797 

29.05 

31 

61,150 

758 

.98760 

28.40 

32 

60,392 

78i 

.98707 

27-75. 

33 

59,6n 

794 

.98668 

27.11 

34 

58,817 

816 

.98613 

26.47 

436 

TABLE    D— Continued. 

MORTALITY    TABLE. 

(MALES.) 


Age 

X 

4 

d* 

P* 

Expectation 
of  Life 

35 

58,001 

836 

.98558 

Years. 
25-83 

36 

57,165 

852 

.98509 

25.20 

37 

56,313 

870 

.98455 

24.58 

38 

55<443 

904 

.98369 

23.96 

39 

54,539 

927 

.98301 

23-34 

40 

53,6i2 

93i 

.98264 

22.74 

4i 

52,681 

941 

.98213 

22.13 

42 

5i,740 

954 

•98157 

21-53 

43 

50,786 

978 

.98075 

20.92 

44 

49,808 

1,029 

•97935 

20.32 

45 

48,779 

1,051 

•97845 

19.74 

46 

47,728 

1,084 

•97728 

19.  16 

47 

46,644 

i,  in 

.97618 

18.60 

48 

45,533 

i,i35 

•97507 

18.04 

49 

44,398 

1,156 

.97396 

17.49 

50 

43,242 

1,165 

.97307 

16.94 

5i 

42,077 

,173 

.97212 

16.40 

52 

40,904 

,187 

.97097 

15-85 

53 

39,717 

,205 

.96966 

I5-3I 

54 

38,512 

,224 

.96821 

I4-78 

55 

37,288 

,225 

.96716 

14.24 

56 

36,063 

,254 

•96523 

I3-7I 

57 

34,809 

,280 

.96324 

I3-I9 

58 

33,529 

,316 

.96074 

12.67 

59 

32,213 

,354 

•95797 

12.17 

60 

30,859 

,364 

•95579 

11.68 

61 

29»495 

,390 

.95286 

II  .20 

62 

28,  105 

,4i5 

.94966 

10.73 

63 

26,690 

,457 

.94540 

10.27 

64 

25,233 

,495 

•94074 

9-83 

65 

23,738 

,5°2 

.93672 

9.42 

66 

22,236 

,464 

.93416 

9.O2 

67 

20,772 

,470 

.92925 

8.62 

68 

19,302 

,461 

.92431 

8.24 

69 

17,841 

,439 

.91932 

7.88 

437 

TABLE    V— Continued. 

MORTALITY  TABLE. 

(MALES.) 


Age 

X 

I* 

dx 

P* 

Expectation 
of  Life. 

70 

16,402 

1,402 

•9*453 

Years. 
7-52 

71 

15,000 

1,360 

•90933 

7.18 

72 

13,640 

1,294 

.90512 

6.85 

73 

12,346 

1,227 

.  9006  i 

6.51 

74 

11,119 

i,i74 

.89442 

O.I7 

75 

9,945 

1,117 

.88764 

5-84 

76 

8,828 

1,039 

•88235 

5-52 

77 

7.789 

984 

.87361 

5-19 

7» 

6,805 

964 

.85841 

4.87 

79 

5,841 

899 

.84615 

4-59 

80 

4,942 

818 

•83439 

4-33 

81 

4,124 

744 

.81960 

4.09 

82 

3,38o 

649 

.80791 

3-88 

83 

2,73i 

552 

•79775 

3-69 

84 

2,179 

474 

.78228 

3-50 

85 

L705 

39i 

.77070 

3-33 

86 

i.3M 

3i7 

.75877 

3-17 

87 

997 

253 

.74628 

3-02 

88 

744 

198 

•73341 

2.87 

89 

546 

153 

.72000 

2.74 

90 

393 

H5 

.70642 

2.61 

9i 

278 

86 

.69224 

2.48 

92 

192 

62 

.67781 

2.36 

93 

130 

44 

.66292 

2.25 

94 

86 

30 

.  64804 

2.15 

95 

56 

21 

•63155 

2.04 

96 

35 

13 

.61665 

1  .96 

97 

22 

9 

.60000 

1.82 

98 

13 

5 

•58473 

i-73 

99 

8 

3 

•56597 

1.50 

100 

5 

3 

I  .  10 

101 

2 

i 

1  02 

I 

i 

438 

TABLE    E. 

MORTALITY    TABLE. 

(FEMALES.) 


Age 

X 

lx 

d* 

P* 

Expectation 
of  I,ife. 

0 

100,000 

15,468 

•84532 

Years. 
42.96 

I 

84»532 

4,5H 

.  94660 

49-73 

2 

80,018 

1,982 

•97523 

5I-50 

3 

78,036 

1,251 

•98397 

51.80 

4 

76,785 

901 

.98826 

51.64 

5 

75,884 

650 

•99M3 

51.24 

6 

75,234 

487 

•99353 

50.68 

7 

74,747 

386 

.99484 

50.01 

8 

74,361 

298 

•99599 

49.27 

9 

74,063 

231 

.99688 

48.46 

10 

73>832 

193 

•99738 

47.61 

ii 

73,639 

167 

•99773 

46.74 

12 

73*472 

190 

•99742 

45-84 

13 

73,282 

226 

.99692 

44.96 

14 

73,056 

259 

.99645 

44.10 

15 

72,797 

277 

.99620 

43-25 

16 

72,520 

292 

.99598 

42.41 

17 

72,228 

301 

•99583 

41.58 

18 

71,927 

309 

•99571 

40.76 

19 

71,618 

342 

.99522 

39-93 

20 

71,276 

402 

•99436 

39.12 

21 

70,874 

453 

.99361 

38.34 

22 

70,421 

492 

.99302 

37-58 

23 

69,929 

505 

.99278 

36-84 

24 

69,424 

527 

.99241 

36.11 

25 

68,897 

545 

.99209 

35.38 

26 

68,352 

565 

.99174 

34.66 

27 

67,787 

578 

.99148 

33-94 

28 

67,209 

603 

.99103 

33  23 

29 

66,606 

637 

.99044 

32-52 

30 

65,969 

650 

.99015 

31-83 

31 

65,3i9 

668 

•98977 

3I-I5 

32 

64,651 

679 

.98950 

30.46 

33 

63,972 

680 

•98937 

29.78 

34 

63,292 

680 

.98925 

29.09 

439 

TABLE     E— Continued. 

MORTALITY    TABLE. 

(FEMALES.) 


Age 

X 

lx 

dx 

P* 

Expectation 
of  Life 

35 

62,612 

686 

.98905 

Years. 
28.41 

36 

61,926 

699 

.98872 

27.71 

37 

61,227 

713 

.98836 

27.03 

33 

60,514 

730 

.98794 

26.34 

39 

59»784 

746 

.98752 

25.65 

40 

59,038 

767 

.98700 

24.97 

4i 

58,271 

799 

.98628 

24.29 

42 

57,472 

837 

.98544 

23.62 

43 

56,635 

878 

.98449 

22-97 

44 

55,757 

907 

•98373 

22.32 

45 

54.850 

9i5 

.98331 

21.68 

46 

53,935 

907 

.98319 

21.04 

47 

53,028 

904 

.98296 

20.39 

48 

52,124 

910 

.98255 

19.74 

49 

51,214 

940 

.98165 

19.08 

50 

50,274 

985 

.98041 

18.43 

5i 

49,289 

1,045 

.97880 

17.78 

52 

48,244 

1,103 

.97713 

17.16 

53 

47,  HI 

1,184 

.97489 

16-55 

54 

45,957 

1,245 

.97292 

15.96 

55 

44,712 

1,303 

.97085 

15-39 

56 

43,409 

1,348 

.96895 

14.84 

57 

42,061 

1,407 

.96654 

14.30 

58 

40,654 

i,438 

.96462 

13-78 

59 

39,216 

i,458 

.96282 

13.26 

60 

37,758 

1,463 

.96126 

12.76 

61 

36,295 

i,474 

•95939 

12.25 

62 

34,82i 

1,500 

.95692 

H.75 

63 

33,32i 

i,5i7 

•95447 

11.25 

64 

31,804 

i,593 

.94991 

10.77 

65 

30,211 

^589 

•94739 

10.31 

66 

28,622 

1,583 

.  94468 

9.85 

67 

27,039 

1,584 

.94140 

9.40 

68 

25,455 

i,596 

•93730 

8.95 

69 

23,859 

1,602 

.93284 

8-52 

440 

TABLE    E— Continued. 

MORTALITY    TABLE. 

(FEMALES.) 


Age 

X 

1* 

dx 

P* 

Expectation 
of  Life. 

70 

22,257 

1,617 

•92734 

Years. 
8.  10 

71 

20,640 

1,640 

.92054 

7.69 

72 

I9,OOO 

1,662 

.91250 

7-31 

73 

I7»338 

1,686 

.90276 

6.96 

74 

15,652 

1,723 

.88989 

6.66 

75 

I3>929 

1,580 

.88654 

6.42 

76 

12,349 

1,438 

•88354 

6.18 

77 

10,911 

i,32i 

.87897 

5-93 

78 

9,590 

1,203 

•87459 

5-68 

79 

8,387 

1,076 

.87170 

5-42 

80 

7,3" 

987 

.86501 

5-H 

81 

6,324 

907 

•85654 

4.87 

82 

5.417 

823 

.84810 

4.60 

83 

4,594 

760 

•83458 

4-33 

84 

3,834 

685 

•82143 

4.09 

85 

3,149 

602 

.80868 

3-87 

86 

2,547 

5i8 

.79676 

3-67 

87 

2,029 

438 

•78434 

3-48 

88 

i,59i 

364 

.77142 

3-30 

89 

1,227 

297 

.75796 

3-13 

90 

930 

238 

.74422 

2-97 

9i 

692 

187 

.72990 

2.81 

92 

505 

144 

•715*3 

2.67 

93 

361 

108 

.70012 

2-54 

94 

253 

80 

.68490 

2.41 

95 

173 

57 

.66900 

2  .29 

96 

116 

40 

.65260 

2.16 

97 

76 

28 

•63643 

2.04 

98 

48 

18 

.6l8lO 

1.94 

99 

30 

12 

.60406 

I.  80 

IOO 

18 

7 

.58438 

1.67 

IOI 

ii 

5 

•57071 

102 

6 

3 

•54551 

103 

3 

2 

104 

i 

I 

441 

A  comparison  of  the  above  mortality  tables  with  Farr's  No.  3, 
brings  out  the  fact  that  the  English  infants  are  sturdier  than 
ours,  for  two  more  of  each  sex,  out  of  every  one  hundred  born, 
reach  their  first  birthday,  namely,  eighty-three  boys  and  eighty- 
six  girls.  Our  youths,  and  young  men  and  women,  however, 
seem  to  have  a  firmer  hold  on  life  than  do  their  cousins,  as  the/^ 
of  the  New  York  males  is  greater  at  each  age  from  4  to  24,  and 
the  female  px  from  3  to  39,  than  are  the  corresponding px  in  the 
English  Table.  The  number  of  British  males  at  birth  is  not 
reduced  to  one-half  until  age  45,  one  year  later  in  life  than  is 
the  case  in  the  New  York  Table.  And  the  English  females  at 
birth  are  reduced  to  one-half  at  age  47,  three  years  earlier  than 
in  our  local  Table  for  females.  The  Expectation  of  Life  for  the 
average  English  boy  is,  at  birth,  39.91  years;  it  is  38.95  years, 
or  about  one  year  less,  for  the  New  York  boy.  The  corresponding 
span  of  life  for  the  British  girl  is  41.85  years,  while  it  is  about  one 
year  more,  or  42.96  years  for  the  average  girl  in  this  city. 

The  following  table  gives  the  Expectation  of  Life  at  each  age 
according  to  the  English  Table  No.  3,  and  the  New  York  Table : 


442 

TABLE   F. 
EXPECTATION  OF  LIFE  ACCORDING  TO  THE  FOLLOWING  TABLES; 


AGE 

ENGLISH  No.  3 

NEW  YORK  CITY 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Years. 

Years 

Years. 

Years. 

0 

39-91 

41.85 

38.95 

42.96 

I 

46.65 

47.31 

46.59 

49-73 

2 

48.83 

49.40 

48.53 

5L50 

3 

49.61 

5^-20 

48.84 

51.80 

4 

49.81 

50.43 

48.67 

51.64 

5 

49.71 

50.33 

48.20 

5L24 

6 

49-39 

50.00 

47.62 

50.68 

7 

48.92 

49-53 

46.95 

50.01 

8 

48.37 

48.98 

46.20 

49.27 

9 

47-74 

48.35 

45.40 

48.46 

10 

47-05 

47.67 

44-55 

47.61 

ii 

46.31 

46.95 

43-66 

46.74 

12 

45-54 

46.20 

42.76 

45.84 

13 

44.76 

45-44 

41.88 

44.96 

14 

43-97 

44.66 

41.01 

44.10 

15 

43.18 

43-90 

40.15 

43.25 

16 

42.40 

43-14 

39.30 

42.41 

17 

41.64 

42.40 

38.47 

41.58 

18 

40.90 

41.67 

37  65 

40.76 

19 

40.17 

40.97 

36-84 

39-93 

20 

39.48 

40.29 

36-05 

39.12 

2  I 

38.80 

39.63 

35.29 

38.34 

22 

38.13 

33.98 

34-55 

37.58 

23 

37.46 

38.33 

33.83 

36.84 

24 

36.79 

37.68 

33-12 

36.11 

25 

36-12 

37-04 

32.42 

35.38 

26 

35.44 

36.39 

3L73 

34-66 

27 

34-77 

35-75 

31-05 

33-94 

28 

34.10 

35-io 

30-38 

33.23 

29 

33-43 

34.46 

29.71 

32-52 

30 

32.76 

33.8i 

29-05 

3L83 

31 

32.09 

33.17 

28.40 

3i-i5 

32 

31.42 

32.53 

27-75 

30.46 

33 

30.74 

31.88 

27.11 

29.78 

34 

30.07 

31-23 

26.47 

29.09 

443 

TABLE   F— Continued. 
EXPECTATION    OF    LIFE. 


AGE 

ENGLISH  No.  3 

NEW  YORK  CITY 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Years. 

Years. 

Years. 

Years. 

35 

29.40 

30-59 

25-83 

28.41 

36 

2873 

29.94 

25.20 

27.71 

37 

28.06 

29.29 

24.58 

27.03 

38 

27.39 

28.64 

23.96 

26.34 

39 

26.72 

27.99 

23.34 

25.65 

40 

26.06 

27-34 

22.74 

24.97 

4i 

25-39 

26.69 

22.13 

24.29 

42 

24-73 

26.03 

21-53 

23.62 

43 

24.07 

25.38 

20.92 

22.97 

44 

23-4I 

24.72 

20  32 

22.32 

45 

22.76 

24.06 

19.74 

21.68 

46 

22.11 

23.40 

I9.i6 

21.04 

47 

21.46 

22-74 

18.60 

20.39 

48 

20.82 

22.08 

18.04 

19.74 

49 

20.17 

21.42 

17.49 

19.08 

50 

19-54 

20-75 

16.94 

18.43 

5i 

iS.QO 

20.09 

16.40 

17.78 

52 

18.28 

19.42 

15.85 

17.16 

53 

17.67 

18.75 

15.31 

16.55 

54 

I7.O6 

1  8.08 

14.78 

15.96 

55 

16.45 

17-43 

14.24 

15.39 

56 

15-86 

16.79 

13-71 

14.84 

57 

15.26 

16.17 

I3-I9 

14.30 

58 

14.68 

15.55 

12.67 

13-78 

59 

14.10 

14.94 

12.17 

13.26 

60 

13-53 

14.34 

11.68 

12.76 

61 

12.96 

13.75 

ii.  20 

12.25 

62 

12.41 

13.17 

10.73 

ii-75 

63 

11.87 

1  2.  60 

10.27 

11.25 

64 

u-34 

12.05 

9.83 

10.77 

65 

10.82 

11.51 

9.42 

10.31 

66 

10.32 

10.98 

9.02 

9-85 

67 

9-83 

10-47 

8.62 

9.40 

68 

9-36 

9-97 

8.24 

8.95 

69 

8.90 

9.48 

7.88 

8.52 

444 

TABLE    ¥— Continued. 
EXPECTATION     OF    LIFE. 


AGE 

ENGLISH  No.  3 

NEW  YORK  CITY 

Males 

Females 

Males 

Females 

Years. 

Years. 

Years. 

Years. 

70 

8-45 

9-O2 

7-52 

8.10 

71 

8.03 

8.57 

7.I8 

7.69 

72 

7.62 

8.13 

6.85 

7.31 

73 

7.22 

7.71 

6.5I 

6.96 

74 

6.85 

7-31 

6.17 

6.66 

75 

6.49 

6-93 

5-84 

6.42 

76 

6.15 

6.56 

5-52 

6.18 

77 

5-82 

6.21 

5.19 

5-93 

78 

5-51 

5.88 

4.87 

5-68 

79 

5-21 

5.56 

4  59 

5.42 

80 

4-93 

5-26 

4-33 

5-H 

81 

4.66 

4.98 

4.09 

4.87 

82 

4.41 

4.71 

3-88 

4.60 

83 

4.17 

4-45 

3-69 

4-33 

84 

3-95 

4.21 

3-50 

4.09 

»5 

3-73 

3.98 

3-33 

3-87 

86 

3-53 

3.76 

3-i7 

3-67 

87 

3-34 

3-56 

3.02 

3-48 

88 

3-16 

3.36 

2.87 

3-30 

89 

3.00 

3.18 

2  74 

3.13 

90 

2.84 

3.01 

2.61 

2.97 

9i 

2.69 

2.85 

2.48 

2.81 

92 

2.55 

2.70 

2.36 

2.67 

93 

2.41 

2-55 

2.25 

2-54 

94 

2.29 

2.42 

2.15 

2.41 

95 

2.17 

2.29 

2.04 

2.29 

96 

2.06 

2.17 

1.96 

2.16 

97 

1-95 

2.06 

1.82 

2.04 

98 

1.85 

1.96 

i-73 

1.94 

99 

1.76 

1.86 

1.50 

i.  80 

100 

1.68 

1.76 

1.  10 

1.67 

445 

At  first  glance,  it  may  seem  surprising  that  the  mortality  rates 
of  this  great  American  city  should  appear  so  favorable,  when  put 
alongside  of  those  based  upon  the  statistics  of  an  entire  country. 
But  we  should  bear  in  mind  that  the  English  Table  No.  3  was 
constructed  from  data  gathered  in  1841-1851,  more  than  fifty 
years  ago.  Since  then  great  advances  have  been  made  in  medicine, 
surgery,  and  sanitation.  The  death  rates  of  our  city  are  much 
lower  now  than  they  were  a  generation  ago,  but  we  are  unable 
to  accurately  measure  the  improvement  for  lack  of  previous 
investigations. 

Much  has  been  done  to  educate  our  people  in  hygiene  and  to 
better  the  sanitary  conditions  of  their  surroundings,  but  very 
much  more  remains  undone.  During  the  year  1900  there  were 
718  deaths  in  New  York  from  typhoid  fever.  Properly  filtered 
drinking  water  would  reduce  the  deaths  from  this  disease  to  a 
few  sporadic  cases  imported  from  the  country  districts.  Of  the 
70,872  deaths  that  took  place  in  this  city  during  1900,  9,630,  or 
13.6  per  cent.,  an  average  of  twenty-seven  deaths  a  day,  were 
caused  by  consumption.  There  is  no  reason  why  this  scourge  can 
not  be  stamped  out  as  completely  as  smallpox  has  been,  from 
which  latter  disease  there  were  but  twelve  deaths  in  New  York 
during  the  year  1900.  We,  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  are  but 
beginning  to  talk  of  taking  measures  to  eradicate  the  *'  great  white 
plague,"  while  in  some  places  on  the  continent  of  Europe  they 
have  fixed  the  year,  about  a  quarter  of  a  century  hence,  in  which 
the  deaths  from  consumption  will  be  zero. 


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